Croatian is a South Slavic language used primarily in Croatia, by Croats living in Bosnia and Herzegovina, in neighboring countries where Croats make up autochthonous communities, and parts of the Croatian diaspora. It is sometimes classified as belonging to the Central South Slavic diasystem (also referred to as "Serbo-Croatian"). The roots of the Croatian language can be traced back to the Proto-Slavic language, which emerged around the 6th century AD. As Slavic tribes settled in the region, their languages began to evolve. By the 12th century, distinct dialects of Croatian were already emerging, influenced by historical events, invasions, and cultural exchanges.

The first written documents in Croatian date back to the Glagolitic script, which was developed in the 9th century by Saints Cyril and Methodius, playing a crucial role in the creation of these manuscripts, reflecting the fusion of spiritual and artistic expression while promoting literacy among the Slavic peoples.

The most notable text is the Baška Tablet, inscribed in Glagolitic, dating back to 1100 AD. Over time, Latin script became dominant, particularly following the influence of the Austro-Hungarian Empire. The modern Croatian standard language is a continuous outgrowth of more than nine hundred years of literature written in a mixture of Croatian Church Slavonic and the vernacular language. Croatian Church Slavonic was abandoned by the mid-15th century, and Croatian as embodied in a purely vernacular literature (Croatian literature) has existed for more than five centuries.

Dialects of Croatian

Croatian is characterized by its three main dialects:

1. Shtokavian: This is the most widespread dialect and forms the basis of the standard Croatian language. It is spoken in most parts of Croatia and is also the foundation for Serbian and Bosnian.
2. Kajkavian: Predominantly spoken in northern Croatia, this dialect has unique features that distinguish it from Shtokavian. It is often associated with the city of Zagreb and its surroundings.
3. Chakavian: Found primarily along the western coast of Croatia, this dialect has its roots in the historical region of Istria and the islands in the Adriatic Sea. It features distinct vocabulary and phonetic characteristics.

These dialects not only highlight the linguistic diversity within Croatia but also reflect the country's regional identities and cultural nuances.

Today, Croatian is recognized as one of the official languages of the European Union. It is part of the South Slavic language group, alongside Serbian, Slovenian, and Bulgarian. The language is standardized based on the Shtokavian dialect, which is spoken by most Croatians and serves as the basis for the literary language.

Croatian has a phonetic alphabet, which means that words are pronounced as they are written. Croatian is spoken by approx. 6 million native speakers around the world. The Croatian alphabet is based on the Latin alphabet with special characters ć, č, đ, š, ž, dž; it does not have q, w, x, y
Alphabet:
A B C Č D Dž Đ E F G H I J K L Lj M N Nj O P R S Š T U V Z Ž a b c č d dž đ e f g h i j k l lj m n nj o p r s š t u v z ž

Croatian Literature

The works of writers like Marko Marulić, often regarded as the father of Croatian literature, emerged during this time. His epic poem “Judita” (1501) is a notable example of early Croatian literature, blending biblical themes with national pride. The Baroque period in the 17th and 18th centuries saw a flourishing of poetry and drama. The 19th century was a pivotal time for Croatian literature, coinciding with the broader movements of nationalism across Europe.

Vlaho Bukovac, Ilirski preporod

The Illyrian Movement, aimed at promoting Croatian language and culture, significantly influenced literary expression. Authors such as Petar Zoranić and Ivan Gundulić produced significant works that explored themes of love, heroism, and the human condition. Gundulić's epic poem “Osman” (1620) reflects the struggles against Ottoman rule, serving as both a literary masterpiece and a symbol of national resilience. Also, Šenoa’s historical novels, such as “Zlatarevo zlato” (The Goldsmith's Treasure), interwove romance with historical events, capturing the imagination of readers and contributing to the development of the Croatian novel. The 20th century was marked by significant literary movements, including modernism and postmodernism. Notable figures such as Marin Držić and Tin Ujević emerged, offering fresh perspectives on existential themes, identity, and the human experience.

Držić, a playwright and poet, is celebrated for his sharp wit and satirical approach, with works like “Dundo Maroje” remaining central to Croatian theatrical tradition. The aftermath of World War II brought political changes that impacted literary expression. The socialist regime-imposed censorship, yet writers found ways to navigate these constraints. Miroslav Krleža, one of Croatia’s most prominent literary figures, addressed social and political issues in his works, often critiquing the status quo.

His play “Glembajevi”, explored the complexities of human nature where a family is overtaken by desire, relationships, and drama leading to their inevitable downfall.

Croatian Art

The origins of Croatian art can be traced back to prehistoric times, with evidence of artistic expression found in cave paintings in places like the Vela Spila cave on the island of Korčula. These early artworks, which date back to the Paleolithic era, depict animals and human figures, reflecting the lives of early inhabitants. As the region came under Roman rule, the influence of classical art began to permeate Croatian culture.

Roman cities such as Pula and Split showcase remarkable examples of Roman architecture, including the Pula Arena and the Diocletian’s Palace.

These structures are not only significant for their engineering but also for their artistic decoration, which included sculptures and mosaics that illustrated mythological and everyday themes.

The medieval period marked a significant transformation in Croatian art, characterized by the influence of Christianity. The arrival of Byzantine art brought new styles, particularly in religious iconography. Churches built during this period, such as the Cathedral of St. James in Šibenik, showcase stunning stone carvings and elaborate altars.

The Baroque era further enriched Croatian art, particularly in architecture and sculpture. The influence of the Catholic Church was profound, as many Baroque churches were constructed during this time. The Church of St. Nicholas in Zadar is a prime example, showcasing elaborate decorations and a dramatic interior.

The 19th century was a pivotal time for Croatian art, coinciding with the rise of national consciousness and the desire for cultural independence. Vladimir Nazor and Ivan Meštrović were significant figures during this period. Nazor’s poetry often intertwined with visual art, while Meštrović, one of Croatia’s most celebrated sculptors, created monumental works that captured the spirit of the Croatian people. His sculptures, such as the “Well of Life”, exemplify the emotional depth and national pride that characterized the era.

The 20th century brought about radical changes in the artistic landscape of Croatia. Modernism emerged, challenging traditional forms and embracing new techniques and ideas. Artists like Julije Knifer and Miroslav Kraljević explored abstraction and surrealism, pushing the boundaries of artistic expression.

Storytelling, Science, and 101

Croatia is known for being the filming location of the HBO series Game of Thrones with its beautiful architecture and landscapes. Dubrovnik served as the primary filming location for King's Landing attracting fans from around the world.

In addition to Dubrovnik, various other locations in Croatia served as filming sites for "Game of Thrones," including Split and the fortress of Klis, attracting eager fans to see where these iconic stories took place.

The renowned inventor and electrical engineer Nikola Tesla was born in Smiljan, Croatia, in 1856. His contributions to modern electricity and technology are celebrated worldwide.He pioneered the generation, transmission, and use of alternating current (AC) electricity, which can be transmitted over much greater distances than direct current (DC).

The Dalmatian breed originated from the region of Dalmatia in Croatia. The breed is known for its distinctive spotted coat and is often associated with firehouses due to its historical role as a carriage dog.

"Kamen po kamen, palača." - "Stone by stone, a palace."

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The Origins of Vietnamese

Vietnamese or Tiếng Việt, has over 86 million speakers worldwide, it is the official language of Vietnam. The roots of the Vietnamese language can be traced back to the Austroasiatic language family, which includes languages spoken in Southeast Asia and parts of South Asia. Vietnamese evolved over centuries, influenced by various languages due to the country's history of invasions, colonization, and trade. Notably, the Chinese presence in Vietnam lasted for over a millennium, leading to significant borrowing of vocabulary and concepts. As a result, a lot of Vietnamese vocabulary is derived from Chinese, particularly in areas such as philosophy, politics, and science.

The Latin alphabet, known as Chữ Quốc ngữ, was developed in the 17th century by Portuguese missionaries, notably Alexandre de Rhodes. This system replaced the complex chữ nôm script, which was based on Chinese characters. The adoption of Chữ Quốc ngữ in the early 20th century significantly increased literacy rates and helped to unify the country linguistically.

Vietnamese is a tonal language, meaning that the pitch or intonation used when pronouncing a word can change its meaning. There are six distinct tones in the northern dialect, which is often considered the standard for the language. These tones are:

1. Mid-level (no tone mark)
2. Low falling (grave accent)
3. High rising (acute accent)
4. Low rising (tilde)
5. High falling (dotted circle)
6. Low falling and rising (hook above)

For example, the syllable "ma" can mean "ghost," "rice seedling," "mother," "but," "horse," or "to chew," depending on the tone used. Vietnamese grammar is relatively straightforward as it is an isolating language, which means that it relies heavily on word order and context rather than inflection. The typical sentence structure follows a Subject-Verb-Object (SVO) order. For example, "Tôi ăn cơm" translates to "I eat rice."

Modifiers, such as adjectives and adverbs, usually precede the nouns and verbs they modify. For instance, "cô gái đẹp" means "beautiful girl," with "đẹp" (beautiful) coming before "cô gái" (girl). Additionally, Vietnamese utilizes classifiers, which are words used alongside numerals when counting nouns. For example, "một con mèo" means "one cat," where "con" is the classifier for animals. This feature adds a layer of complexity to the language, as different nouns require different classifiers.

Vietnamese is rich in dialectal variation, with three primary dialects: Northern, Central, and Southern. The Northern dialect, centered in Hanoi, is often considered the standard form of the language. It has a more rigid tone system and preserves many features that have changed in other dialects. The Central dialect, spoken in regions like Huế and Đà Nẵng, has its own unique pronunciation and vocabulary, influenced by the historical significance of Huế as the former imperial capital. Meanwhile, the Southern dialect, prevalent in Ho Chi Minh City (formerly Saigon), is characterized by a more relaxed tone system and different vocabulary choices. These regional differences not only affect pronunciation but also the use of slang and idiomatic expressions. For example, the word for "you" varies by region—bạn in the North, mày in the South—reflecting the cultural nuances in interpersonal relationships.

Alphabet:
A Ă Â B C D Đ E Ê G H I K L M N O Ô Ơ P Q R S T U Ư V X Y
a ă â b c d đ e ê g h i k l m n o ô ơ p q r s t u ư v x y

Vietnamese Mythology and Poetry

Many Vietnamese folktales feature clever animals and moral lessons, reflecting the values of the culture. Stories like “Con Cóc là Cậu Ông Trời” (Toad is the Uncle of Heaven)is an ancient tale describing in a year of severe drought where animals went to Heaven to protest to God. Frog was their leader exposing Heaven’s laziness and begged God to provide rain. After winning a quarrel, God granted their wish saying if ever you need rain that frog simply had to grind his teeth. That would be the signal and God would provide rain. This tale expresses the age-old adage of not judging the greatness of things by their appearances. To be daring and brave even if people judge you negatively.

In Vietnamese mythology, a sacred giant turtle with a magic sword helped defend Vietnam against invaders. This belief is heavily rooted in the legend of the Hoan Kiem turtle, which dates to the 15th century. According to the legend, Emperor Le Loi returned a magical sword after defeating China's Ming Dynasty. As he was boating on Hoan Kiem Lake, a golden turtle emerged and took the sword back to its divine owners. This event was interpreted as an omen of peace and prosperity for Vietnam. Since then, turtles have been highly revered at Hoan Kiem Lake as protectors of the nation's sovereignty and symbols of good luck. A statue of this legendary turtle can be found in Hoan Kiem Lake in Hanoi. In Vietnamese culture, turtles are considered sacred creatures that symbolize longevity, wisdom, and good fortune.

The lục bát form is a traditional Vietnamese poetic style which has been used for centuries and is beloved for its lyrical beauty. It alternates with six and eight-syllable lines.

"Bánh trôi nước" by Hồ Xuân Hương

Thân em thì trắng, phận em tròn,
Bảy nổi ba chìm mấy nước non.
Rắn nát mặc dầu tay kẻ nặn,
Mà em vẫn giữ tấm lòng son.

My body is white; my fate, softly rounded,
rising and sinking like mountains in streams.
Whatever way hands may shape me,
at center my heart is red and true.

The poem is spoken by a woman. But besides being about a woman’s fate, line two suggests the nation’s changeable fate as well with nước non, “mountains and streams,” the set phrase for “nation.”

Bánh trôi nước (“cake floats in water”) is a little sugary ball of sticky rice – often shaped like birds’ eggs – with a red-bean-paste center.

Coffee and The Magnanimous Cave

Vietnam is the second-largest coffee producer in the world, after Brazil. The country is famous for its unique coffee drinks, including cà phê sữa đá (iced coffee with sweetened condensed milk).

Some people enjoy a glass of iced coffee with sweetened condensed milk alongside a cup of herbal tea, alternating between the two. The herbal tea can refresh the palate after the rich coffee.

Many Vietnamese and tourists enjoy coffee and tea simultaneously bridging cultures of East and West in a relaxing afternoon.

Hang Sơn Đoòng (Sơn Đoòng cave) the world’s largest cave is located in Phong Nha-Ke Bang National Park. It is the largest known cave passage in the world by volume.

The cave's interior is so large that it could fit an entire New York block inside, including skyscrapers, or could have a Boeing 747 fly through it without its wings touching either side. It has its own ecosystem and even an entire river inside!

“Cái khó ló cái khôn.” - Difficulties reveal wisdom

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The Origins of Dutch

Dutch is a West Germanic language closely related to other languages (e.g., English, West Frisian and German), which originated in what is now northern Europe with around 25 million native speakers primarily living in the Netherlands and Belgium. The earliest form of Dutch, known as Old Dutch, evolved from the West Germanic dialects spoken by Germanic tribes. Around the 5th century CE, as the Roman Empire fell, various Germanic tribes migrated into what is now the Netherlands bringing their languages with them. Old Dutch, also known as Old Low Franconian, was spoken from around 500 CE to 1150 CE. During this period, the language was heavily influenced by Old High German due to the close contact between the regions. This era saw the gradual emergence of distinct linguistic features that would later define Dutch. Like modern Dutch, Old Dutch had guttural sounds, but they were even more pronounced. The "g" and "ch" sounds were pronounced further back in the throat, like the German "ch" in "Bach." Old Dutch had a more complex vowel system compared to modern Dutch. It included a range of long and short vowels, as well as diphthongs, which could significantly change the meaning of words. Early Old Dutch texts were sometimes written using runes, particularly the "Futhorc" runic alphabet, before the Latin alphabet became more common. Written records from this period are scarce, but there are significant texts, such as the "Hebban olla vogala," a famous poem from the 11th century, the "Wachtendonck Psalms" a collection of Latin psalms translated into Old Dutch and "The Song of the Battle of the Golden Spurs" about an iconic Franco-Flemish battle which provide insights into its pronunciation, grammar, and usage at the time giving a glimpse into the language's early form.

Battle of the Golden Spurs (Guldensporenslag)

By the 12th century, Old Dutch evolved into Middle Dutch. This period lasted until around 1500 and marked significant changes in the language. The development of a more standardized written form was crucial during this time, largely due to the influence of the growing power of the Burgundian court and the spread of literacy. Middle Dutch was characterized by a more refined grammar and a richer vocabulary, influenced by interactions with Latin and French. French loanwords, especially in the context of commerce, law, and chivalry were incorporated influenced by political connections trade, commerce, and cultural exchange between the Dutch-speaking regions and France.The transition from Middle Dutch to Modern Dutch occurred between 1500 and 1800. This period was marked by the standardization of the language, influenced heavily by the rise of the Dutch Republic and its cultural and economic expansion.

The publication of the States Translation (Statenvertaling) of the Bible in 1637 played a pivotal role in standardizing Dutch. This translation was a major influence on the language, helping to shape a uniform written standard that could be widely understood and used. Modern Dutch began to take shape in the 19th century and has continued to evolve into the language spoken today. Influences from colonial interactions, technological advances, and globalization have all contributed to its development. The Dutch language has absorbed loanwords from various languages, including French, English, and Indonesian, reflecting the Netherlands' historical trade routes and colonial past while considerably influencing languages such as Afrikaans, one of the official languages of South Africa. Dutch has several regional dialects, and the language spoken in Belgium (Flemish (Vlaams)) differs somewhat from that spoken in the Netherlands. Despite these variations, Dutch remains largely uniform due to its standardized form. The language’s evolution was influenced by its interactions with neighboring languages and cultures, including French, English, and German. Each of these interactions contributed to the ultimate shape of Dutch, making it a unique blend of historical and linguistic influences. From its Germanic roots to its modern form, Dutch has undergone significant changes, reflecting broader historical and social transformations. As Dutch continues to evolve, its history remains a testament to its resilience and adaptability. Dutch is an official EU language.

In addition to the standard English alphabet, Dutch ends with … X Y IJ Z.

Alphabet:
A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y IJ Z
a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y ij z

Golden Age Art and Anne Frank

Belshazzar's Feast (Het feestmaal van Belsazar) by Rembrandt van Rijn

Dutch art has had a profound and lasting influence on the global art scene, particularly through its contributions during the Dutch Golden Age and its ongoing impact in contemporary art.

Sunflowers (Zonnebloemen) by Vincent van Gogh

Dutch painters such as Vincent van Gogh, Rembrandt van Rijn, and Johannes Vermeer along with many others are celebrated globally for their contributions.

The Art of Painting (Allegorie op de schilderkunst) by Johannes Vermeer

Their work, known for its realism, detail, psychological depth, impressionism, use of light and color, brush, texture, using various innovative techniques have influenced art movements and education worldwide.

One of the most famous Dutch literary works globally is "The Diary of a Young Girl" by Anne Frank, which offers a poignant account of a Jewish girl's life in hiding during WWII. Technically she was German, but she spent most of her life in the Netherlands writing her diary in Dutch. Her diary was published by Otto Frank the only Holocaust survivor in the Frank family after WWII in 1947. It was translated from its original Dutch version to English and first published in 1952 as “The Diary of a Young Girl” and has since been translated into over 70 languages.

Amsterdam Stock Exchange, Tulips, and Flower Auctions

The Old Amsterdam Stock Exchange by Hendrick de Keyser

The oldest stock exchange in the world is the Amsterdam Stock Exchange, which was established in 1602. The Dutch East India Company (Vereenigde Oostindische Compagnie or VOC) had the first ever public shares to be ever sold at this stock exchange. The primary purpose of the exchange was to facilitate the trading of shares in the VOC, which was raising capital for its expansive trade operations in Asia. This allowed investors to buy and sell shares, creating liquidity and enabling the company to raise large amounts of capital. The Amsterdam Stock Exchange introduced several innovative financial practices, including the trading of stock and bonds, futures contracts, and options. This made it the first market to trade securities on a regular basis.

Popularly known as Tulip Mania (tulpenmanie) of the 1630s is often cited as one of the earliest and most famous speculative bubbles in financial history. It involved a dramatic rise and fall in tulip bulb prices in the Netherlands, providing a case study in market speculation and economic bubbles. Tulips were originally found growing wild in the valleys of the Tien Shan Mountains where tulips were cultivated in Istanbul as early as 1055. Initially, they were valued for their exotic beauty and rarity. They were introduced to the Netherlands from the Ottoman Empire in the late 16th century. By the early 17th century, tulips had become highly sought after, particularly among the wealthy and nobility. Demand surged with different varieties of tulips being bred creating rarity and novel value. Tulip bulbs were traded on the open market, and speculative trading started to drive prices up. In time tulips became a financial instrument for investment and speculation rather than a luxury item. Tulip bulbs were traded using futures contracts, allowing buyers to purchase bulbs at a predetermined price at a future date. This practice increased speculation, as traders sought to profit from price changes rather than from actual possession of the bulbs. At the height of the bubble, some tulip varieties were selling for incredibly high prices, with individual bulbs reaching prices equivalent to several years' wages for skilled workers.

For instance, the "Semper Augustus" tulip bulb was reportedly sold for as much as 10,000 guilders, a sum that could buy a lavish house on the finest canal in Amsterdam. Eventually, the bubble burst in early 1637. Prices suddenly plummeted as confidence in the market evaporated, leading to widespread panic selling. Many traders and investors found themselves holding tulip bulbs that had lost their value, leading to significant financial losses. Contrary to popular belief, the collapse of the tulip market did not cause massive economic disruption in the Netherlands leading to financial crisis or economic collapse. The impact was largely confined to the tulip trade and the investors involved.

The Aalsmeer Flower Auction (Bloemenveiling Aalsmeer), officially known as Royal Flora Holland, is the world's largest flower and plant auction and a central hub in the global floral industry. Located in Aalsmeer, Netherlands, it plays a crucial role in the distribution of flowers and plants worldwide. The Aalsmeer Flower Auction is the largest flower auction in the world, handling over 20 million flowers daily.

“Wat doet nijntje vandaag?” - “What will I do today?”

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The Origins of Portuguese

Portuguese is a Romance language originated in what is now Galicia (Spain) and northern Portugal with over 260 million native speakers. It is derived from the Latin language spoken by the Romanized Pre-Roman peoples of the Iberian Peninsula around 2000 years ago. Latin was introduced to the Iberian Peninsula (modern-day Spain and Portugal) when the Romans conquered the region around the 2nd century BC. Latin gradually supplanted the indigenous languages spoken by Celtic and Iberian tribes. Over centuries of Roman rule, the spoken Latin of the local population (Vulgar Latin) began to diverge from Classical Latin, which was used in formal writing and by the Roman elite. Vulgar Latin incorporated influences from the indigenous languages and the languages of other peoples who settled in the region. After the fall of the Western Roman Empire in the 5th century AD, Latin continued to evolve independently in different regions of the Iberian Peninsula. Local dialects emerged, which eventually developed into distinct Romance languages, including Portuguese, Spanish, Catalan, Galician, and others being in the Ibero-Romance group of languages, sharing similarities while maintaining their distinct identities. Portuguese is notable for the use of nasal vowels, a legacy from its Galician origins, which adds a unique musicality to its pronunciation. The language also exhibits grammatical complexities such as verb conjugations and a flexible word order, offering both challenges and opportunities for expression to its speakers. The earliest known written records of the Portuguese language date back to the 9th century AD, during the medieval period. These records include legal documents, poetry, and religious texts. Old Portuguese gradually evolved from Galician-Portuguese; a common linguistic continuum shared with Galicia in northwestern Spain. During the Moorish occupation of the Iberian Peninsula (8th to 13th centuries), Arabic and Mozarabic (the Romance language spoken in Islamic Iberia) influenced the vocabulary of Old Portuguese, particularly in words related to agriculture, science, and mathematics. Portuguese spread worldwide as Portugal established a colonial and commercial empire during the Age of Exploration (15th to 17th centuries), Portugal established a global empire, leading to the spread of Portuguese to Africa, Asia, and the Americas.

Portuguese Worldwide

Portuguese evolved further through contact with indigenous languages and cultures in these various regions. Within the Portuguese-speaking world, linguistic diversity is abundant, with regional variations enriching the language's tapestry. European Portuguese, spoken in Portugal and parts of Africa, differs subtly from Brazilian Portuguese in pronunciation, vocabulary, and idiomatic expressions. The cadence of speech in Lisbon contrasts with the melodic intonations of Bahia, showcasing the linguistic vibrancy that defines Portuguese-speaking communities worldwide. In Africa, Portuguese creoles have emerged as vibrant languages, blending Portuguese with indigenous African languages to create dynamic linguistic hybrids. These creoles reflect centuries of cultural exchange and adaptation, serving as symbols of resilience and identity among their speakers. Portuguese is spoken in former colonies like Angola, Mozambique, and Cape Verde, contributing to a diverse linguistic variety across the continent. In Macau and East Timor, Portuguese continues to thrive alongside local languages fostering multiculturalism. Brazilian Portuguese, characterized by its rhythmic cadence and lexical variations, has become a cultural powerhouse in literature, music, and cinema.

Roughly a decade ago an international orthography agreement had been implemented for the Portuguese language to unify Portuguese in Portugal, Cape Verde, and Brazil with its completion in 2016. The Community of Portuguese Language Countries (CPLP), comprising Portuguese-speaking nations from around the world, promotes cooperation in areas such as trade, education, and sustainable development. As a member of the CPLP, countries leverage linguistic and cultural ties to strengthen political alliances and foster mutual understanding on global issues.

Portuguese consists of 23 letters of the Latin alphabet with use of five diacritics.

Alphabet:

A B C D E F G H I J L M N O P Q R S T U V X Z

a b c d e f g h i j l m n o p q r s t u v x z

Portuguese also uses Á, Â, Ã, À, Ç, É, Ê, Í, Ó, Ô, Õ, Ú.

These are not regarded as independent letters and do not have separate entries in dictionaries.

Literature, Art, and Cultural Significance

The Portuguese language is not merely a means of communication but a vessel for cultural expression and heritage. From fado music in Lisbon to samba rhythms in Rio de Janeiro, Portuguese permeates artistic endeavors, capturing the emotions and experiences of its speakers. Literature flourishes in Portuguese with authors like José Saramago a Nobel Prize-winning author known for his novels such as "Blindness" (Ensaio sobre a cegueira) and "The Gospel According to Jesus Christ" (O Evangelho segundo Jesus Cristo). Also, Fernando Pessoa is a pioneering poet and writer who introduced the concept of heteronyms—distinct literary personas—to Portuguese literature, exploring themes of identity and existence. His lyrical prose expressed different facets of the human experience, exemplifying the depth of Portuguese literary tradition.

Artistically, Portuguese-speaking countries have produced a wealth of visual art, from the baroque masterpieces of Aleijadinho in Brazil to the contemporary works of Paula Rego in Portugal. These artists draw on cultural heritage and personal experiences, enriching global art movements with their unique perspectives and techniques.

Portugal's Cork Dominance

Portugal is the world's largest producer of cork, responsible for over 50% of global cork production. The cork oak tree is legally protected in Portugal and other cork-producing regions. Harvesting cork is regulated to ensure sustainability and protect the delicate balance of these ecosystems. The Alentejo region in southern Portugal is particularly known for its cork oak forests where cork is primarily harvested. The process of harvesting cork is a meticulous one where extraction must be done carefully. It involves slowly stripping the outer bark from the tree in a way that does not harm the inner living bark, which allows the tree to continue growing while producing more cork. Cork is graded based on its quality. The highest grade, known as "amadia" or "virgin cork," comes from the first harvest of a cork oak tree and is used for the highest quality wine stoppers. Lower grades are used for different applications like flooring and insulation. Cork is used in a variety of products, including wine stoppers, flooring, and fashion accessories. An important invention which was designed by a Portuguese monk in the 17th century is the modern corkscrew. Thanks to this monk’s innovation we can open cork sealed bottles to this day.

"Assim como o hábito não faz o monge, o cetro não faz o rei." - “Just as the habit does not make the monk, the sceptre does not make the king.”

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The Origins of Czech

Czech is a West Slavic language with over 10 million native speakers. Čeština, Czech, is the name derived from a Slavic tribe of Czechs that inhabited the region of Central Europe. The origins of the Czech language are deeply rooted in the history of these Slavic people and the development can be traced back to the early Middle Ages when West Slavic tribes settled in what is now known as Czechia. These tribes, which included the Czechs, Moravians, and others, gradually formed distinct linguistic and cultural identities, laying the foundation for the emergence of the Czech language. However, it wasn't until the 14th century that Czech truly flourished as a literary language, thanks to the efforts of luminaries such as Jan Hus and the creation of the first Czech translation of the Bible. Throughout its history, Czech has faced numerous challenges, including periods of political upheaval and foreign domination. Yet, despite these obstacles, the language persisted, serving as a symbol of national identity and resistance against oppression. In the 20th century, with the establishment of Czechoslovakia and later Czechia, efforts to preserve and promote the Czech language intensified, leading to its current status as an official language of the European Union. Today it is the official and main language in Czechia and spoken by Czechs worldwide (especially by immigrants in the USA, Canada, and Ukraine). Czech is like and mutually intelligible with Slovak.

The Czech alphabet is the following:
A Á B C Č D Ď E É Ě F G H Ch I Í J K L M N Ň O Ó P Q R Ř S Š T Ť U Ú Ů V W X Y Ý Z Ž a á b c č d ď e é ě f g h ch i í j k l m n ň o ó p q r ř s š t ť u ú ů v w x y ý z ž

It features the consonant ř, a phoneme that is said to be unique to Czech language. Some words do not have vowels: zmrzl (froze solid), ztvrdl (hardened), scvrkl (shrunk), vlk (wolf) and smrt (death).

The Golden Age of Czech Literature

The earliest written records of the Czech language date back to the 10th century, during the time of the Great Moravian Empire. These early texts, which were primarily religious in nature, include manuscripts such as the "Velehrad Codex" and the "Kralice Bible," which played a crucial role in the development and standardization of Czech orthography and grammar. The 19th century is often referred to as the "Golden Age" of Czech literature, marked by the Czech National Revival and a resurgence of interest in Czech language and culture. Writers such as Karel Hynek Mácha, author of the romantic epic "Máj," and Božena Němcová, known for her folk-inspired tales, emerged as leading figures of this period. Other notable Czech literature from different periods and genres are The Good Soldier Švejk (Dobrý voják Švejk) by Jaroslav Hašek - This dark satirical comedy novel, published in the early 20th century, follows the adventures of Josef Švejk, an absurd and comical character, during World War I. It's considered one of the greatest works of Czech literature and a classic of humor which is the most translated novel of Czech literature having been translated into over 50 languages. Another significant writer was Josef Jungmann who was a linguist and poet who played a crucial role in standardizing the Czech language and promoting its use in literature and education. His monumental work, "Slovník česko-německý" (Czech-German Dictionary), helped establish modern Czech grammar and vocabulary influencing the Czech language to this day.

Beer and Tongue Twisters

Czech Republic holds the title for the highest beer consumption per capita in the world. Czechs have a long and deeply rooted tradition of brewing and consuming beer, dating back centuries. The country's love affair with beer is reflected in its numerous breweries, beer festivals, and vibrant pub culture. Beer is more than just a beverage in Czech culture; it's a symbol of national identity and pride. The Czechs have mastered the art of brewing and appreciate the craftsmanship and tradition that go into making a great beer. Whether it's enjoying a pint with friends at a local pub or raising a toast at a cultural event, beer remains at the heart of Czech social life. It may be difficult to pronounce them when you’ve had a few but Czech is famous for having tongue-twisting phrases that can be challenging to pronounce. One famous example is "Strč prst skrz krk," which means "Stick your finger through your throat" and is often used to demonstrate the complexity of Czech phonetics. Another unpronounceable word in Czech is known for its notoriously long and difficult-to-pronounce demeaner is "neobhospodařovávatelnějšími" (meaning "the most unmanagable"). Give them a try to test your oral skills while enjoying a pint.

Prague is Czech’s capital which is the epicenter of business, art, and culture. Our office is in Prague providing language support to our clients worldwide. If you are ever in neighborhood, please feel free to stop by and say hello.

"Kde se pivo vaří, tam se dobře daří." - "Where beer is brewed, life is good."

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The Origins of Danish

Spoken by around six million people primarily in Denmark and parts of northern Germany, Danish has a rich history and cultural significance that travels across its geographical borders. To understand Danish, we must understand its origins, which trace back to the Norse settlers who once roamed Scandinavia. The Viking Age, spanning from the late 8th to the mid-11th century, saw the expansion of Norse influence across Europe and beyond. As these seafaring warriors navigated the seas, they carried with them their language, Old Norse, which would evolve into the modern Scandinavian languages, including Danish. Danish today includes the standard English alphabet and has endings with …X Y Z Æ Ø Å. The alphabet consists of the following:

A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z Æ Ø Å
a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z æ ø å

Danish is a secondary official language of Greenland and the Faeroe Islands and an official language of the EU.

Danish Literature by Hans Christian Andersen

Danish literature has left an indelible mark on the world stage, thanks in part to the enchanting tales written by Hans Christian Andersen. Born in Odense, Denmark, Andersen's fairy tales, including "The Little Mermaid," "The Ugly Duckling," and "The Emperor's New Clothes," have captured the imaginations of readers worldwide. Andersen was a romantic, but he was known to be an extremely anxious person. He always carried rope with himself just in case he had to escape from a window. He had once heard a story about a person who was buried alive when they were asleep. He was afraid this would happen to himself, so he left a note saying “I am alive” on his bedside table. Through his interesting personality Andersen not only showcased the beauty of the Danish language but also infused it with a sense of wonder and magic through his timeless stories.

Hygge: The Heartbeat of Danish Culture

At the core of Danish culture lies the concept of "hygge" (pronounced hoo-guh), a word that defies direct translation but embodies the essence of coziness, contentment, and conviviality. Whether gathered around a crackling fireplace with loved ones or savoring a warm cup of coffee on a rainy afternoon, Danes embrace hygge as a way of life. Through their language, they express this feeling of comfort and togetherness, weaving it into their everyday interactions and social rituals. If only Hans Christian Andersen could have incorporated this custom more...

Building Dreams, One Brick at a Time

Few inventions have captured the imaginations of children and adults alike as profoundly as Lego. The colorful interlocking bricks, created by Danish carpenter Ole Kirk Christiansen in 1932, have evolved from simple building blocks to a global phenomenon. The name "Lego" is derived from the Danish phrase "leg godt," meaning "play well," encapsulating the brand's ethos of creativity and imagination. Today, Lego continues to inspire builders of all ages with its endless possibilities and timeless appeal.

To borrow a phrase, you can say “everything is awesome” about Danish.

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Being aware of what is included and what to expect provides a clear path to understanding translation cost. The price of a product or service is mainly influenced by production costs, supply, and demand. Price is dependent on the interaction between demand and supply within a market. The price of translation is not necessarily straight forward where many factors must be taken into consideration. If you can educate yourself properly without making assumptions, you will be able to get a sense of a reasonable market price. Remember this does not guarantee total satisfaction for the quality of translation itself where the onus is mainly on the supplier. With the emergence of machine translation and AI, the behavior of buyers and sellers have shifted, adjusting the market price in some situations. For example, some buyers expect quality translation relatively cheap with machine translation although this is in some cases a misconception. Some sellers have embraced machine translation and AI full fledgy promoting it as the ultimate solution. This can be a misconception as well. Sellers must clearly state and share the pros and cons of machine translation and AI. Although sellers are profit maximizers providing translation services based on the buyer’s lack of knowledge is disingenuous. Translation cost should be presented as clear as possible to the buyer. This is the job of the service provider. As mentioned before knowing what to expect is important.

What Are the Main Factors to Translation Cost?

Here is a list of the main factors which will help you better understand translation cost:

Subject Area

The subject area of your translation project including the degree of complexity will dictate the relative translation cost. From simple text such as an email or a blog post to difficult legal or medical text will determine the price. Imagine, the more people who can handle a project the cheaper the price becomes. If there is scarcity to who can handle a project, the price will be higher. These are good metrics to use to understand pricing better.

File Format

If the file is easy to handle and editable then usually no extra charge is necessary. If the provided file format is a standard form which is editable such as MS Office files or bilingual files it will be relatively easy for translators to handle utilizing CAT tools and TMS. On the other hand, files which are noneditable such as scanned files (if OCR (Optical Character Recognition) is not possible) will need to be handled manually. File handling such as OCR, checking, and retyping become an added cost. When requesting a translation estimate, if the document is provided beforehand these handling fees will be addressed if necessary. Any task that becomes necessary for file preparation becomes an added cost not including translation cost. Remember file handling/preparation and translation are separate entities which means separate costs.

Volume

The volume dictates the amount of translation which needs to be done. Translation is often priced on a per-word(character) basis but according to the target materials sometimes it is priced per page or per hour. The more volume there is the more expensive the translation gets. Although for some special cases if the subject area is complex even if the volume is low, estimates will be in the high price range. Also, most professional translators and agencies have a minimum service charge, even if the volume is minuscule. Keep in mind there is a minimum fee, and the price will increase from there according to volume.

Delivery Term

Ideally the translator and client can agree upon a delivery term that is reasonable. If this can be achieved usually there is no extra costs for standard delivery terms. On the other hand, if the deadline is tight usually an added cost is charged. Translators will have to work during off hours, weekends, or holidays to finish your requested translation earlier. Although the translator will handle the project to the best of their ability, a tight deadline could affect the quality which cannot be denied. Translators can only handle a certain volume per day till there are diminishing returns. Anything rushed usually never ends well. If you can negotiate a comfortable delivery term for both you and the translator, it will result in lower cost and better quality.

Language Combination

The language is a key factor on how translation is priced. A common way to measure price is the country’s population of the language to be translated. If there are more people, there are more translators and vice versa. The more translators for the language combination you desire the more likely it is cheaper. The less translators the more likely the price is higher. For example, English and Spanish are languages which are on the cheaper end of the spectrum. Then take languages such as Irish and Icelandic where translators are limited makes them expensive. Know which languages you are translating from and into. The language combination will reveal an accurate price range.

What Are Ways to Reduce Translation Cost?

Use a CAT (Computer Assisted Translation) tool

CAT tools can utilize TM (Translation Memory) to save costs by reusing translated content from previous projects. If there is no TM, then aligning previous documents to create a TM is another option. Alignment will cost extra but reusing translation could in result decrease the overall translation cost, saving more in total. Reuse generally unifies content by increasing consistency in result raises quality. Quality contributes to lower cost in the long term because you can avoid mistakes which lead to costly corrections later.

Scheduling

Good project management saves. Planning your projects ahead of time from translation to release anticipating all steps in between from DTP (Desk Top Publishing) to web integration contributes to lower cost. Detailed planning reduces anxiety and provides stability for sudden mishaps giving you the ability to maneuver during a crisis. Anything rushed or last-minute changes makes quality suffer and increases the cost in result having to make additional corrections. Plan as best as possible and prepare a margin in case you run into problems. Better scheduling results in lower cost.

Analyzing Source Text Quality

At times the source text quality is poor. This results in a bad translation. The translation takes significantly longer because of guesswork by the translator confused by the source material attempting to craft an adequate translation. If it is an option, it is good to check and correct the source text before translation. This clarifies any problems beforehand and increases quality on both ends. This saves time from making many corrections after translation when the core problem was the source text. You want to avoid wasting valuable time and resources. If there is an opportunity, fix the source text to create a quality translation. This will benefit on quality and cost in the long term.

Simply Ask for a Discount

This tactic though should ideally benefit both parties. For example, if the project has large volume, then you may be able to ask for a volume discount if the language combination and subject area is relatively common. The more specialized and complex a project becomes a discount is harder to achieve. Also, if there is a long-term project over the course of months/years then deciding on a given price maybe viable considering the factors mentioned above. In any case, it is best when there is a win-win situation where both parties are happy to make the price agreement.

MTPE (Machine Translation Post Editing)

MTPE (machine translation post-editing) is a way to reduce cost. Different from traditional human translation, MTPE translates the source text with MT first. Then a human translator edits the machine translated text. The speed is relatively faster, and cost is lower. It is a convenient method, but quality comes into question. If the MT quality is poor this method becomes meaningless. It would simply take longer to translate adding more time and cost. The appropriate languages need to be considered when using MT. If a language is exotic, it is most likely the MT quality is poor. MTPE is beneficial by lowering costs upfront which seems practical, but quality may suffer leading to more cost. MTPE comes down to what you will accept with price vs. quality.

How Can I Get an Estimate?

Don’t hesitate to ask questions. The translator or LSP (Language Service Provider) should be able to provide the proper reasoning for their prices. Also remember the more information you provide about your translation project like volume, subject area, delivery term, language combination, file format, and providing a copy of the document, it becomes easier for the translator or LSP to give you an accurate translation estimate. Avoid added cost surprises after the project is finished. Know what you are getting into and receive what is expected. Learn not all translation projects are created equal. If the price is too cheap or too expensive ask further questions and research. Get familiar with the translation market. Do this and you will make educated price decisions on your next translation project.

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Traditionally, translation has been handled by human linguists but in recent years LLMs (Large Language Models) being introduced has changed the perception of translation itself. It seems a significant number of industries expect translation to be automatic without any consequences. The secret desire is for translation to be instant and flawless with AI. This wishful thinking is projected, yet we still fall short from ideal results. The human linguist is here to stay for the time being. Then the question is how reliable is machine translation?

How Much Are You Willing to Compromise with Machine Translation?

Machine translation (MT) is an innovative software which automatically translates text from the original language to target language(s). MT is fast, cheap, and convenient, giving anybody from anywhere the freedom to translate any language without limitations. MT is best suited for simple, informal, or personal text which does not have professional requirements. Although high accuracy and quality are ideal to capture the essence of the original text. In my opinion, MT should not be used for any sort of business, legal, or financial transactions. When a customer pays for something, a certain level of quality is expected. This may not seem evident upfront but this expectation exists. You are not only paying for the product but for the feeling and experience. Complete comprehension of the product dictates the overall feeling making it important to communicate your message clearly to the customer to translate not only meaning but an experience. This could be from product descriptions, brand marketing, safety labels, to storytelling. MT often fails to capture the context, tone, and cultural nuances of the original text, producing errors, inaccuracies, and awkward expressions. This lack of accuracy and quality creates problems with customers, sales, and in the worst-case litigation resulting in payment for damages. Translation is not just a matter of replacing text but the packaging of cultural equivalents in a conscious caring cohesive manner.

What Is Human Translation?

Human translation is performed by professional native linguists to translate text from the original language to target language(s). Human beings are at a disadvantage because they perform translation manually. Human translation is slower, more expensive, and labor-intensive compared to MT. But human translation has its advantages. Human translators can deliver high-quality, accurate, and natural translations that reflect the meaning, style, and intention of the original text. Through experience, culturally savvy human translators can handle complex, technical, and creative documents that require specialized knowledge. Subjects include legal, medical, literary, and technical texts. Many LLMs use massive amounts of data to compensate for its lack of cultural astuteness. Because many LLMs include various data sets this causes internal confliction surfacing bizarre to blatantly wrong results. The main issue with MT is it does not know when it is wrong. A human translator can realize its mistake and make a correction on the spot. However, an MT with the latest AI will never know it makes a mistake. It cannot identify its own errors. It is not conscious like a human being. This is something we should be reminded of when we rely too heavily on MT, LLMs, and AI.

Can We Use Human and Machine Translation Together?

The combination of human and machine translation is called hybrid translation. Hybrid translation is a method to merge the best of both worlds incorporating the accuracy and quality of human translation while optimizing the speed and cost cutting of machine translation. Hybrid translation can take different forms, such as post-editing, where a human translator revises and corrects the output of MT. The second approach is pre-editing, where a human translator simplifies and prepares the original text for MT to create better outcomes. The third approach is using TM (translation memory) from previous translation which were confirmed by human translators and adding MT for the human translator to use freely at their own discretion. Hybrid translation is an attempt to utilize the newest technologies to find the optimal balance between the benefits and drawbacks of MT and human translation. Hybrid translation solely depends on the level of human involvement, skill level, and the accuracy/quality of the MT used. Many LSPs offer different types of hybrid translation services according to the subject matter, time frame, and budget.

What Factors Should You Consider When Choosing a Translation Service?

When choosing a translation service, you should consider many factors before you decide. What is your goal you want to achieve? Who is your audience? What level of quality do you expect? What is your budget? When do you need it by? What languages do you need? These arrays of choices need to be decided on. Knowing what to expect with what you choose will lead to the least disappointment.

The translation service you choose is case dependent. For example, if you need to translate a legal contract with formal and professional context, you should opt for a human translation service that can ensure accuracy, reliability, and compliance. On the other hand, if you need to translate a blog post which is casual and personal, you may use a machine translation service that can provide speed, convenience, and affordability. Remember as mentioned before if there is going to be a monetary transaction between you and a customer there will be a certain level of quality expected. Imagine you are at the receiving end. If you experience an inadequate translation, at times you might be amused. But as the price of purchase increases it is not as funny. You may even feel betrayed. You feel your brand has done a disservice to you. They did not bother considering your brand experience. It’s often difficult to observe secondary consequences. Cost cutting for short term gains inevitably affects long term growth. Translation is a wonderful service which can enhance customer experience boosting sales. The choice between human translation, MT, or hybrid translation needs to be carefully considered. Once you made a mindful assessment, next is to select a translation service. If possible, evaluate the services reputation, credentials, and performance. Check online for reviews, ratings, testimonials, portfolios, and case studies. Asking for a sample translation is another option to determine the quality, accuracy, and style you desire. Compare the different features, benefits, costs, and compromises. In the end choose the translation service which meets your budget, expectations, and requirements. Remember you can always change your mind. Find the best balance between quality and cost you are satisfied with.

A Translation Service Is Relationship Building

Choosing a translation service to get a document translated is relationship building. You need to find someone you can trust to get it done right. Before you decide between an independent translator or LSP, you should do research. If possible, ask someone you know who can give you a referral. If not search networks and organizations for legitimate sources. Professionals who are listed should have a certain level of competence. Evaluate your prospects and get in contact. Whether its human, machine, or hybrid know your budget and requirements. Find who fits best. Look for someone who is patient and answers any questions you may have. If there is an error, they are admittedly swift to correct any problems. Ultimately, honesty and integrity demonstrate a quality translation service.

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Today, the insatiable demand for swift and precise translation continues to increase. Whether for business, travel, or personal endeavors, LLMs stand as a pivotal tool in bridging linguistic gaps. But how does this modern technology compare to traditional translation methods, and what should professional translators be looking out for? Will LLMs replace professional translators?

The Magic Behind LLMs (Large Language Models)

LLMs follow cutting-edge AI algorithms to make automatic translation possible. Be it a website, a promotional pamphlet, or a detailed document, LLMs are capable to tackle translations. At its core, LLMs consist of two main parts: a machine learning algorithm and an abundant data set. This algorithm is trained on specific data sets until it reaches a point where it meets proper measurements and standards to accurately replicate previous translations. Next this customized data is fed into an AI-powered system that can translate from one language to another with phenomenal speed and moderate accuracy.In successful cases a translation can read like it was written by a native speaker. The level of a professional translator. This technological advancement is approaching new milestones daily and possibly may achieve flawless translations in the future to come. If it reaches its potential, we may have systems that fully understand the syntax and grammar of language itself. Not to mention, advanced error detection features where AI quality control can quickly and accurately detect mistakes. The ultimate scenario is AI driven LLMs never making mistakes. By this time professional translators will become obsolete. When this becomes reality though is hard to say.

Deciphering the World of Translation Tools: LLMs vs. CAT Tools

Many different translation tools exist and cater to different needs. For example, CAT (Computer-Assisted Translation) tools have been a companion to professional translators for a long time now. Brands such as Trados, MemoQ, and Phrase to mention a few have provided various features and services to meet the professional translators demands. Unfortunately, prices have hiked in recent years and what was once an investment is becoming a heavy cost burden. We are seeing though new solutions such as Doc3™ which provide an affordable subscription service including essentials a professional translator requires. The CAT tool landscape is changing as LLMs are becoming more ubiquitous. For certain subjects LLMs like DeepL and Google Translate can be effective providing a base translation which professional translators can post edit. This is a new approach for professional translators to increase efficiency and speed. But this approach works only when LLMs are accurate. Translation is not only about transferring text from one language to another. Translation is about capturing the essence, context, and subtle nuances of the original content. At times using culture specific references and idioms. This capability is difficult with LLMs, and professional translators are depended upon to facilitate this accurate communicative art form when translating. The professional translator can see immediately what is wrong or missing. This is what LLMs lack for the time being. It is getting better fast, but it is not quite there yet.

Why Professional Translators Prefer Using CAT Tools?

Despite the advancements of LLMs, professional translators continue to rely on CAT tools. Here’s why:

Contextual Understanding: While LLMs are improving, they still struggle with context, especially in complex, cultural, or specialized texts. Post editing automatic translations which have questionable quality can be laborious and often become task intensive taking more time than traditional translation. LLMs are usually not case specific and can help when it fits but CAT tools are the go-to tool assisting translators during their translation process.

Cultural Nuances: Language is deeply intertwined with culture. Professional translators, using CAT tools, can ensure that translations are culturally sensitive and appropriate, something LLMs often miss.

Translation Memory: One of the most significant advantages of CAT tools is Translation Memory (TM). TMs store previously translated segments, ensuring consistency across large projects or multiple projects for the same client. LLMs have enormous amounts of data but often have unrelated material included causing confusion and potential mistakes with its output.

Terminology Management: For projects that have specific terminology, CAT tools allow translators to maintain consistent use of terms, ensuring clarity and professionalism.

Tailored Solutions: CAT tools can be customized to fit the specific needs of a project or client, from creating glossaries to setting up specific workflows. This is possible for LLMs but is extremely cost intensive and there isn’t a guarantee the quality will meet the client’s standards.

Multiple File Formats: Professional translators often receive documents in various specialized file formats. CAT tools support a wide range of file formats, allowing translators to work seamlessly eliminating the need for different kinds of software and specialist skills.

Collaborative Features: Many CAT tools offer features that facilitate collaboration among multiple translators, proofreaders, and editors, ensuring the final product is shared to integrate proper quality control.

Feedback Integration: CAT tools allow for the easy integration of feedback, making revisions and quality assurance a streamlined process. LLMs are not self-conscious and are incapable of detecting its own mistakes.

Reuse of Translations: With the help of TMs, translators can easily reuse parts of translations, reducing the time spent on repetitive and similar text segments and thus cutting down costs. On the other hand, many LLMs retranslate all materials forcing translators to recheck the output wasting valuable resources.

Segmentation: CAT tools break texts into manageable segments, allowing translators to efficiently tackle, review, and revise their work.

What Role Does LLMs Play for Professional Translators Who Use CAT Tools?

For seasoned professional translators, CAT tools aren’t merely about ease of use. They’re about project management, productivity enhancement, consistency monitoring, and quality control. With features like grammar checking, error detection, glossaries, and translation memories, the translation process becomes not just faster, but also sharper and accurate. With relentless advancements in LLMs, the potential of automatic translation software is set to soar, but currently human know-how is still essential. Nevertheless, as these tools become even more refined, maybe one day translations will not be just accurate but communicate at a meta cognitive level eventually removing the chasm between different languages and cultures. In any case, professional translators should prepare, learn, and work with CAT tools while incorporating LLMs to stay competitive. Accepting inevitability early gives you an edge comparing to others who don’t. Don’t paddle against the LLM wave but ride it to your advantage.

Conclusion: The Translation Revolution

LLMs are a translation revolution. For professional translators, adapting and embracing LLMs isn’t a mere choice – it’s key to thriving in a dynamic linguistic landscape that’s steadily evolving.

CAT tools like Doc3™ will prepare professional translators to be better equipped more than ever to deliver top-tier translations, meeting the demands of an ever-globalizing world.

Try Out Doc3 Today!

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The pandemic has caused many people to rethink their jobs and careers figuring out what is best for themselves. Perspectives have changed on work itself. For example, working remotely has become a new option created by this abrupt paradigm shift in society. In previous years we were able to divide by associating the office with work and home with relaxation. This distinct line has been blurred as working from home has increased. Employers worry of the reduction in productivity affecting sales and revenue. Employees struggle to adjust working remotely trying to remain productive while managing life at home. Staying motivated and being productive working remotely has become a challenge.

What Are the Basics When Working from Home?

First, establish a workspace separate to your home environment. Ideally, prepare a room for an office. If this is not possible prepare a workspace which has the least number of distractions. A place where there is minimal noise and visual stimulation.

Next, dress up for the occasion. If possible, avoid comfortable clothing such as pajamas, sweatshirts/pants, or only underwear. Dress as though you are going to the office. This helps trigger your mental state into work mode. Comfortable clothing can affect your motivation and level of awareness which is why it should be avoided.

Preparing the proper hardware, software, and internet connection is extremely important. Being able to work seamlessly without compromising efficiency, having solid connectivity, and proper security to emulate the office environment.

Time management is crucial. Scheduling projects, deadlines, and meetings become a challenge. Use the right tools to help you keep track of your assignments and progress.

Communicate regularly with your colleagues and clients. Arrange conference calls occasionally to see each other’s faces. Avoid complete isolation and be proactive with connecting to exchange ideas, experiences, and opinions. Network to stay updated.

How To Take Care of Yourself Mentally and Physically?

Treat yourself as you would advise others. It is easy to inform others to do something but to put it into practice yourself is the challenge. Here are some tips to help you get on the right track. This applies to remote workers and commuters.

-Set specific goals on what to accomplish each day

Clear goals help you gain satisfaction when you finish. This keeps motivation high and gives you a sense of accomplishment and gratification.

-Eat healthy

This may seem trivial but is harder in practice. Prepare healthy meals and avoid ready made products. Avoid processed foods and choose whole food options instead.

-Sleep routinely

If possible, sleep and wake up at the same times daily. Consistency is key. The more regular your sleep patterns are the more energetic and alert you become. Between 7 ~ 9 hours is optimal and may vary depending on the individual.

-Exercise daily

If possible, exercise daily for 15 ~ 60 min. Incorporate cardio and muscular resistance training. This helps increase stamina, relieve stress, and boost confidence. Sitting daily in a chair is taxing to your bodily structure. Routinely stretch your neck, shoulders, arms, hips, legs and back to counteract accumulated strain.

-Get daily sunlight exposure

Go outside preferably in the mornings. Avoid wearing sunglasses and get exposure on your skin and eyes for 10~15 min. Do not look directly at the sun. This helps elevate your mood and correct your circadian rhythm.

-Hydrate properly

Drink water or noncaffeinated beverages regularly in small amounts. Staying hydrated keeps you fresh and less tired. Avoid over caffeinating which increases dependency, tolerance, and disrupts sleep. Avoid alcohol if possible.

-Avoid excess amounts of sugar

Excess amounts can spike your blood sugar causing drowsiness and fatigue.

-Take short breaks

Detach from screens every 45~60 min. Look out a window or someplace where you can see long distances. Give your eyes a rest to help them rejuvenate. Practice meditation by sitting with your eyes shut, breathe deeply and slowly. This will help replenish your concentration and focus.

Paris ne s’est pas fait en un jour - Rome wasn’t built in a day

Working indoors all day is a modern-day phenomenon which affects a large portion of our population. It may seem overwhelming trying to change your habits at once. Don’t worry. Pick and try 1 or 2 things to begin with. Gradually add on as you progress. You will fail at times but don’t be discouraged. Be consistent and you will experience results in the weeks, months, and years to come. Living a healthy lifestyle is the beginning to being the best version of yourself.

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*Information Disclaimer

This information on this blog post is only intended to be general summary information for public use. This information does not replace professional medical advice, diagnosis, or treatment. If you have questions about a medical condition, always seek the advice of a doctor or other qualified health professional.

Bringing your product or service to the global market opens worldly growth opportunities. Access to a global audience, new revenue streams, and global talent hiring are some benefits with internationalization. Recognizing and learning the importance of various cultures leads to successful global business expansion. Thanks to the connectivity we have today the global market is not a dream but reality for any business. Whether you’re a conglomerate or a one-man shop website stretching your global outreach will increase your exposure and potential revenue. Expanding your product or service globally can lead to significant international growth and provide access to new markets and potential buyers. Companies achieve economies of scale, less competition, and new opportunities. These breakthroughs can be leveraged in the global market to gain a significant competitive advantage. Access to more markets gives new standards providing different cultural perspectives for your products and services. As you expand your business globally, it's important to consider the impact this growth could have on your operations. A key factor is how will you communicate with your customers in the new markets.

Translation and localization help you better communicate with your potential customers and deliver your message clearly with intent. For the best quality translations possible, it is important to research the language of your new potential customers before you begin. The quality of translation ultimately determines the success of localization. You have the options of hiring a translator or a Language Service Provider (LSP) who are familiar with the language and customs of your target market. When companies take the proper steps for effective communication, they are far closer to success than relying on just hope to succeed in new global markets.

Localization Is More Than Meets the Eye

To make sure your brand resonates with local audiences, the content itself needs to be adapted and localized, not just translated directly. This requires market research to understand how different cultures relate to your brand and use your products. Thorough localization communicates relatability, comfort, and trust that your customers can feel and visualize using your products or services. Localization is more than just converting words from one language to another: it's about effectively communicating your message and brand to a foreign market which has a direct impact on your conversion rates and ROI. Building this new revenue stream allows businesses to diversify reducing their reliance on a single market or product. This helps businesses weather economic downturns and market fluctuations ensuring their long-term sustainability. This competitive advantage provides more resources and insight into new ideas, customer needs, and preferences for tailoring new products and services. Localization can help businesses stay ahead of the competition and maintain a strong presence in their industry.

Cultural Differences

Cultural differences can pose significant challenges with incomplete insight into political, legal, and compliance environments. It can lead to costly mistakes and damage a company's reputation. Failing to take cultural differences into account can lead to communication breakdowns and misunderstandings, stalling your marketing efforts. Companies must consider the new market's rules, taxes, local laws, and regulations in their global strategy while understanding the political, legal, and compliance environments in the markets they plan to enter. Failure to do so can lead to unexpected legal or financial issues that can significantly impact success. It is essential to conduct thorough research and seek expert advice to ensure that businesses are compliant with local laws and regulations while operating in foreign markets. This maybe a difficult task when only hiring a freelance translator but LSPs can provide consulting services for the scenarios mentioned above. A comprehensive understanding of these environments helps make informed decisions to succeed in the global market. To expand internationally successfully, a company must develop a strategy that considers cultural differences and adapts to the unique needs of the global market.

Quality Translation and Localization

To effectively enter a new market, quality translation and localization is necessary to adapt operations and products to local cultures and languages. This includes everything from translation and localization of marketing materials and product packaging to the hiring of local staff and the establishment of local offices. This can be particularly burdensome for small and mid-sized businesses that may not have the financial resources or expertise to navigate the complexities. However, even large multinational corporations face similar challenges in translating and localizing their operations to effectively target a specific market. This is where an LSP comes into play. Through experience and expertise in various cases LSPs can provide accurate assessments on what is quality and what will be effective in your target market. Quality translation and localization increases brand recognition, helping your product to penetrate through your target market with higher click-through and conversion rates bringing in new valued customers. Sales and revenue improve by providing a more accurate, complete, and authentic customer experience with quality translation and localization.

What Is the Right Approach?

Translating and localizing your product or service properly is not easy. You must make sure you’ve considered all your marketing and product collateral. This includes blogs, onboarding and confirmation messages, and tutorials, in addition to off-site content like native and social ads, reviews, app store pages, and social media accounts. Customers should be able to sign up or search through your products or services in their local language. Ideally customer support and social media should be provided in their language as well.

Here are some things to consider:

Technical Information – Shipping details, addresses, hours, currencies, payment method, phone numbers, media platforms, and product availability should all be accessible.

Cultural Nuance – Text translation and images including the brand voice, marketing funnel, and pricing. For example, local norms may demand more formality, fewer sales emails, or specific package design.

Translation Quality – Local expertise is critical including accuracy, correct spelling, grammar, consistent terminology, and tone of voice. Build a team that includes native-speaking, industry-specific authorities, or outsource to an LSP. Make sure they’re familiar with the dialect and culture of the region in which you’re operating.

SEO – SEO research, purchasing patterns, keyword optimization, website optimization, and cultural norms. The more you understand the needs of the local market, the better you can target them.

Images – Images should be locally ethnically diverse, culturally sensitive, modest, and professional including local landscapes, architectural styles, and appropriate fashion.

What Is the Best Path?

Bringing your product or service to the global market is difficult to say the least. A practical approach is to find a trusted partner. An LSP can offer language solutions tailored to your situation and needs. They can help translate and localize content for different materials, platforms, devices, and products, making it easier for you to reach audiences worldwide. An accurate quality translation is critical to your business, from reducing risk and costs to better understanding your competition and target market. Any company can benefit from international expansion and development. Whether it’s building a global brand presence or increasing sales and revenue, translation and localization can help in many ways. Majority of companies see an increase in revenue after translation and localization with properly marketed products or services. Partnering with a professional LSP specializing in translation and localization is essential. We at idioma® support businesses of all shapes and sizes providing quality translations bringing products and services to the global market. Our translation services comply with ISO 17100 (translation + verification by professional native linguists) including QA checks by independent QA operators. All translation and localization are crafted utilizing a comprehensive workflow we have developed over the decades using our own CAT tool, TMS, and QA system. We have worked together with various clients for over 40 years and have focused on tailoring the optimal solution for each unique customer to help communicate their brand fittingly. Bringing new products and services to the global market is our specialty. Your new international audience awaits you.

Need a translation or localization estimate? Please contact us at info@idioma.com

The advancement of AI has accelerated machine translation capabilities causes a tremor in the translation industry. Some language executives have been shaken but when you look at the situation closely you can see the demand for high-quality translations has never been higher. The translation/localization market continues to increase yearly and professional translators must be on the constant look out for the next technology to not lose their edge against the machine. CAT tools are the weapon of choice for professional translators to hone their craft increasing quality, consistency, accuracy, and productive. But what is the big deal about CAT tools anyway? What are the advantages of having a CAT tool? CAT tools provide many features enhancing translators capabilities to adapt to the translation industry which is continuing to evolve. Here are some advantages of having a CAT tool under your belt.

Efficiency: Optimization Trumps Speed

CAT tools increased efficiency like never before. Not only working faster but more accurately. CAT tools can streamline the translation process from beginning to end. For example, utilizing TM (Translation Memory), file input/output, glossary management, and quality control. Traditionally translators had to manage everything manually but today CAT tools automate these critical tasks providing translators the time to focus on the craft of translation. Translators can be mindful of the nuances and intricacies of content creation rather than being fatigued with time consuming manual labor.

Consistency: Terminology Management at Its Finest

Unifying terminology consistently is an arduous and daunting task. Imagine translating a mass of voluminous documents. It becomes a nightmare if it had to be done manually. Fear not CAT tools are able to sift through these documents with Translation Memory neatly storing previous translations into segments. These segments are identified as matches. The level of the match determines the degree in which it can be reused. For example, perfect matches and 100% matches are previous translations which are identical. Then there are partial matches which are called fuzzy matches. Translators check these phrases and freely use them at their disposal. Translators can use previous translations without searching through documents manually. This guarantees a high level of consistency throughout the translation project. Glossaries are another feature in CAT tools which translators can utilize to unify terminology that is project specific. As an added feature translators can also create their own glossaries as they work by listing recurring special terminology. Terminology management ensures accurate translation effectively. Translators can save time on unification since it will become automatic. Double-checking terminology becomes easy as well because CAT tools can detect mismatches with QA which is included. A glossary term can be used, checked, and corrected easily with a CAT tool.

Nothing Says It Better Than Customization

CAT tools are highly customizable and gives translators the capability to repurpose translation, create glossaries, and adjust user interfaces to their liking. Each translation project is specific and sometimes a cookie cutter approach doesn’t fit causing friction. There are many CAT tools in the market and finding the optimal CAT tool is sometimes difficult. Doing research and testing many solutions is your best bet. Ideally you should find the CAT tool which fits your work style and budget best.

Anything Is Easy If You Work Together

CAT tools can be a beacon of seamless communication allowing multiple translators to work together. Source documents, glossaries, TM, feedback, quality control, and many other features are shared simultaneously creating the ideal environment for collaborative work. Translation projects involving multiple translators, proofreaders, and editors have never been easier. Thanks to effective collaboration we are not lost in translation. All tasks are tracked meticulously, and every translator is aligned together creating the optimal environment for translation even in the case of complex projects with tight deadlines.

Save For the Future

TM gives you the ability to save on cost, increase efficiency, optimize project management, and provide quality control in return accelerates revenue while reducing expenses. While you can’t deny CAT tools have an upfront cost and an initial learning curve, it is guaranteed to be a positive investment. CAT tools are a friendly ally to the professional translator with its cost-effectiveness and handiness being beneficial in the long run. Industry standards like Trados or Phrase provide impressive functionality but comparably are expensive solutions which many translators have trouble affording. For struggling linguists Doc3™ is a viable option being a free CAT tool for professional translators. It is both highly functional, providing unlimited storage supporting all standard translation file formats.

What About Quality Control?

Most CAT tools come with integrated quality control features. There are a variety of checks such as spelling, numbers, symbols, grammar, glossary, and consistency checks which are included. Quality checks can be done during and after the translation process. Quality control is a measure taken to guarantee your final translation is error-free which is professional. Quality Assurance applications like CrossCheck® are integrated into CAT tools and some work independently via web browser. CrossCheck® is natively integrated into Doc3™, and has an API plugin to Trados Studio.

CAT Tools Are a Big Deal

A CAT tool is not just an accessory but a necessity for the modern translator. The CAT tool is paramount to maintain consistency, boost efficiency, guarantee quality and accuracy at optimal speed. Translation is ever more competitive and traditional methods simply don’t cut it anymore. Simply saying you can provide good translation is not enough. You must keep up with the Jones leveraging the latest technologies to deliver.

Doc3™ helps deliver results in the fast pace evolving translation industry. Embrace the CAT tool for professional translators to stay ahead with innovation at your fingertips. Meet the modern world head on with the magic of technology and human mastery, enabling translators with new opportunities to survive in the competitive landscape. Whether you’re a veteran translator or a novice, choose the right CAT tool for you. Don’t make a big deal out of it.

Need a translation or localization estimate? Please contact us at info@idioma.com

Artificial intelligence is rapidly changing the translation and localization industry. The question is whether CAT (Computer Assisted Translation) tools still have a place. If AI machine translation engines are getting increasingly accurate every day, what is the point of a CAT tool? What exactly are CAT tools are good for? How can we benefit from AI machine translation engines?

A CAT tool is a software program used by professional translators and LSPs to help optimize workflow. It works by segmentizing text into sentences or words, which then can be translated with more efficiency and accuracy. In many cases TM (Translation Memory) can be used reusing text from previous translations to avoid translation completely from zero.

The CAT tools main benefit is the ability to optimize existing translations. It helps translators save time and effort increasing consistency and accuracy throughout a new translation project. CAT tools detect and identify matches content and semi-matches (often called fuzzy matches) from previous translations enabling translators to utilize as much previous material as possible. Translators can build on what’s already available saving resources. Adding AI machine translation engines to this process can take translation to another level. For example, AI machine translation can automatically translate the majority or the entire document. For some languages this is possible with the level of quality close to a human. However, because AI machine translation is not complete it still requires a human translator to manually check, edit, and correct content. This method is called MTPE (Machine Translation Post Editing). Since the quality is still questionable for AI machine translation CAT tools used by professional translators is still ubiquitous. Although AI machine translation is rapidly developing and one day may catch up and overtake the human translator. Until the day comes though translators will continue to work using CAT tools leveraging previously translated material. CAT tools help translators work more efficiently optimizing their workflow. This increases speed and accuracy while giving them control for quality translation. AI machine translation is a phenomenal tool providing lightning speed, but human translators are her to stay for the time being utilizing CAT tools to help maintain optimal quality.

Desktop Tools vs Cloud CAT Tools, which is Better?

CAT tools can be divided into two main categories: desktop CAT tools and cloud-based CAT tools. Desktop CAT tools provide individual translators the option to work without an internet connection. It supports comprehensive solutions supporting numerous file types with enhanced features. With additional IT resources complex projects handled by customizing Desktop CAT tools. To state it simply Desktop CAT tools, provide more options broadening your work capabilities. Popular desktop translation software includes memoQ, Trados Studio, and Wordfast Anywhere.

On the other hand, Cloud-based CAT tools strongest suite is its accessibility. Installation of any software application is not necessary. If you have an internet connection, you can access with the internet browser of your choice. Cloud-based CAT tools provide a shared environment where multiple translators can work together. For example, multiple translators can communicate and translate on the same project simultaneously. Translators can collaborate as a team on translation projects live. If an internet connection is available any translator from anywhere can work together on a translation project. There are few hardware and operating system constraints. Popular Cloud-based CAT tools include XTM Cloud, Phrase TMS, and Doc3™.

Cloud-based CAT tools usually charge a monthly or annual subscription fee. This is based on number of users or usage. Desktop CAT tools require an upfront purchase which is expensive with optional maintenance fees. Usually down the road there are upgrades which increase cost including fees for support. The pricing for both these tools varies depending on the features included.

Can CAT Tools Be the Hero with AI Machine Translation?

CAT tools are important and will continue to thrive in the translation industry. Although AI machine translation technology is advancing at remarkable rates if human translators can leverage CAT tools using TM and MT to their advantage it is a wonderful tool to maintain control and contribute to quality work. Translators are the heroes in the translation industry where CAT tools and AI machine translation are the gadgets to help navigate in this ever-changing landscape. With CAT tools translators can streamline processes to increase accuracy and consistency giving them the opportunities to work remarkably better than ever before.

What Is the Right CAT Tool For You?

CAT tools are available to any professional translator and can be an important investment. TM, MT, file management, quality control, scheduling, consistency, accuracy, the list goes on where how CAT tools can benefit translators. If you’re interested in purchasing a CAT tool, Doc3™ maybe the right CAT tool for you. Doc3™ is the CAT tool for professional translators. Many freelance translators and small to medium-sized LSPs are using it already. With advanced features and its simple modern design, Doc3™ is not like the CAT tools you have encountered before. Let Doc3™ help awaken the translation hero within you.

Doc3™ is a translation software which is compatible with all standard translation file formats including SDLXLIFF, MQXLIFF, and TRANSIT TPF. Doc3™ offers convenient features including Private Cloud Storage, Real-time Translation QA, and the Doc3™ AI-powered MT Engine. This is all included in an all-in-one package bundle subscription. What are you waiting for? Save big with the most efficient CAT tool in the market. Doc3™ is no CAT tool like ever before.

Try Doc3 ™ today!

Need a translation or localization estimate? Please contact us at info@idioma.com

How Do We Make Decisions?

We are constantly making decisions in our lives from the mundane to the significant. It can be from choosing a dish from a restaurant menu to deciding where you want to live. We make decisions based on information that is largely communicated linguistically. In general people respond differently to different problems with preferences, choices, and judgments largely affected by how information is presented to us. Our brains form thoughts in two different ways as Daniel Kahneman describes in his best-selling behavioral science book Thinking, Fast and Slow. He calls them System 1 and System 2 thinking. System 1 is fast, automatic, frequent, emotional, stereotypic, unconscious, and intuitive. System 2 is slow, effortful, logical, calculating, conscious, controlled, and deliberate. System 1 and System 2 processes are constantly at play in our daily lives when we make decisions. To put it simply, on some occasions we are intuitive using our gut feeling and on the other hand we are careful and deliberate, double checking the facts of the situation analyzing the choices and options we have. Each of these processes depends on numerous factors, for example our mood during a certain time of day, if we have eaten, the amount of sleep we got the night before, the degree of stress we are currently enduring, the level of urgency and demand in the moment, familiarity of a situation, these things affect us and do not always favor the same responses or give the same weight to the choices we make.

Does Using a Foreign Language Impact Decision Making?

Research suggests that yes you would make different decisions comparing between your native language and a non-native language. The foreign language effect is how using a foreign language affects System 1 and 2 processes to our decisions. Various decision-making domains for foreign languages affect us. For example, using a foreign language changes our decisions when dealing with risk. Foreign-language processing reduces the impact of intuition and/or increases the impact of deliberation on people’s choices. This additional language layer establishes a different set of outcomes. How does using a foreign versus a native language affect our revealed preferences, choices, and judgments? In principle, if information is understood, the language in which it is presented should not be a major factor affecting our decisions. For example, imagine that you must decide between having surgery or instead undergo a noninvasive treatment. You are presented with the facts available and carefully evaluate the benefits and risks while considering your overall preference. In this context, your decision should be independent of whether you are interacting with a doctor in your native or foreign language. However, this is not the case. A foreign language can modify your decision-making tendencies. It can affect you from individual decision making to self-regulation. For example, foreign language processing may reduce attention to attractive stimuli because it involves an increase of memory load in the early phases of information processing.

Another example is foreign language processing affects memory retrieval due to the language-dependent nature of human memory. Foreign language processing affects both System 1 and System 2 thinking. However, using a foreign language may lean towards System 2 thinking making more delineated decisions. Making it less likely to use System 1 thinking. Does foreign language use reduce the impact of System 1 and/or increase the impact of System 2? Reading, writing, listening, and speaking are more costly and largely less fluent in a foreign language than in a native language. Although there is still debate about the effects of processing difficulty on decision making, some researchers have suggested that processing difficulty is used as a signal to engage in more System 2 thinking, which reduces the effects of System 1. Some research suggest that foreign-language processing recruits brain areas related to control processes to a greater extent than a native-language. According to this view, the foreign-language effect could be the result of a decrease in processing fluency that prompts people to slow down and think more carefully about the decision-making situation.

How Does Emotion Affect Decision Making?

Emotion is another major factor associated with the foreign language effect that can alter the interaction between System 1 and 2 processing. People often use their emotional reaction to a given problem to guide their decision being System 1 instead of engaging in more deliberative reasoning being System 2. We usually go with our feelings regarding what is good or bad rather than considering the options. Considering this foreign language usage brings out a milder emotional response compared to those processed in a native language. Foreign-language use lowers emotional reactivity, for example, reading emotionally charged passages in a foreign language prompts less activation in brain areas related to emotional processing in the amygdala. This has been shown in decision-making contexts particularly involving gains and losses. If we agree with this the foreign language effect reduces emotional reactivity. In result this could reduce reactivity in people’s decisions with more System 2 thinking. Processing difficulty and emotionality may have collateral effects on the way people relate to and construe a given situation. Particularly a foreign language use may increase psychological distance by taking a more objective perspective of a situation in a more abstract way.

Foreign-language use can induce psychological distance affecting people’s decisions in a similar way. It can create a detachment effect affecting the contributions of System 1 and 2 processing. Foreign-language effect stems from changes in the weights that System 1 and 2 processes have during decision making. Please note the foreign language effect is still debated and there are many other factors such as cultural biases, anchoring, availability, conjunction fallacy, loss aversion, framing, and sunk cost which affect our decision-making process.

How Does It Affect Companies?

Millions of employees globally use a non-native language in their profession. This could be from the immigrant laborer to the company worker. Interestingly, it has been over a decade now since Rakuten Group Inc. made English its official internal language. While the company has expanded its business it hires employees who are fluent in English and trains its non-native employees the majority who are Japanese to become fluent in English. Rakuten uses English for all documents and all meetings including those attended only by Japanese employees. Implementing English has improved communication with overseas branch offices while a sense of unity was easily created among employees including foreigners. This initiative helped Rakuten hire not only Japanese people hoping to make use of their English skills but also talented foreigners. When there are employees with different cultures, experiences, and ideas it is said to have helped increase the company’s problem-solving abilities. While employees of different nationalities can communicate in English, achieving a deep understanding between them is sometimes more difficult than between Japanese employees. For that reason, the company has been implementing training to help employees understand diversity and different cultures following the use of English as an official internal language. Other Japanese companies such as Fast Retailing Co., the operator of the Uniqlo clothing chain, cosmetics maker Shiseido Co., and electronics maker Sharp Corp. are currently making English their official internal language. There isn’t a doubt internalizing English into Japanese businesses has benefited companies who have adopted the practice. The use of English has inspired employees to be less insular and has enabled corporations to compete more effectively internationally. For example, English possesses fewer power markers than Japanese. Adopting English helps to break down the hierarchical barriers that are entrenched in Japanese society and enhances efficiency. However, adjusting to a new language is cumbersome and awkward initially as everyone works to attain the required level of proficiency in English.

What Is The Future of The Foreign Language Effect?

The foreign language effect is likely affecting companies around the world with their decision making. Although, which decision-making contexts are sensitive to language proficiency? It is reasonable to predict that when language proficiency approaches native-like levels, language status should have a minimal effect. This may depend on the context of learning and frequency of usage. On the other hand, low language proficiency may pose a heavy burden on processing, reducing the availability of the resources needed to engage in System 2. To get a better picture further research should be conducted with medium-high levels of foreign-language proficiency groups to explore the role of language proficiency in the interaction between System 1 and System 2 thinking. If foreign-language use can indeed help people engage in an objective and deliberative way of thinking, then this might help promote self-control and avoidance of temptation. Although foreign-language use may elicit System 2 thinking, the cognitive load and anxiety often felt when interacting in a foreign language may end up leading to more automatic and less thoughtful decision with System 1. This means people’s choices would not always be better in a foreign-language context. There are times it is best to go with our gut, and other times it is better to wait and consider our options in a thoughtful manner. Whichever the case is understanding yourself may be the initial step to take. Exploring the roles of cognitive fluency, cognitive load, emotional reactivity, and their interactions with foreign-language processing will help advance these explanations. As employees reach native level proficiency in English will they make better decisions? We will see how this experiment will develop with these Japanese companies.

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What is Translation?

Translation refers to the process of changing content from one language to another with the goal of reaching a global audience. It communicates the meaning of a source language text by means of an equivalent target language text. Translation considers the context to communicate the accurate meaning of the original message in the target language. For example, a translation should consider each language’s grammar and syntax. It changes the existing content into a different language while maintaining the tone and style that mirror the source language. Translation converts written or spoken text. Translation as a service is best used for documents of a general, legal, technical, or financial nature. For example, the translation of user manuals, technical specifications, training manuals, reference manuals, legal documents, medical device manuals, and financial reports are some to mention. These categories need a certain level of expertise, and you should choose linguists based on their specialty who are knowledgeable and competent in the subject matter. Most experienced translators consider cultural differences but generally translation focuses on language translations. The main goal is to convey the meaning of the source language into the target language accurately.

What is Localization?

Localization is the process of adapting a translation to a specific country, culture, group, or region. It is the product of translation including cultural adaptation to account for differences in distinct markets. It involves a comprehensive study of the target culture to correctly adapt the product to local needs. It’s a more specialized process of adapting messages to specific audiences. For example, Spanish is the official language of many countries in South America, yet the local dialects and versions differ from region to region. Localization delves into these differences to develop content relatable to each group. For example, localization helps communicate this relatable content to create mobile apps, websites, video games, and content specific to each region. In general, localization involves a more detailed approach to adapting a product or content for a specific market. When it comes to localization, you’re more likely to use a service which provides nuance with an adaptive flair followed by strong technical savviness. The process of adapting a product or content to a specific language and cultural context involves not just translating the text. Adaptation includes layout, graphics, and cultural references to make the product or content suitable for the target audience. Standard translation may be appropriate for some content types in certain markets but in some cases, localization is required for adapting highly emotive creative content to clearly resonate across locales. For reasons of efficiency and cost though, it's wise to consider which types of content require localization and where you can ask for translation.

To reiterate translation is the process of translating text i.e., transforming a message from the source language to the target language(s). Translation is part of localization, considering other cultural and semantic aspects to make the content become authentic and locally savvy. Localization crystalizes translation to transform entire products and content to fit country specifics and regional needs. It extends beyond simple translation. Localization extends to every aspect to fit the target market’s preferences from units of measurement, currency conversion, date formats, imagery, legal regulations, to different technological standards. Great translations often entail adaptation of the content to the target audience. At times though translation may not be fully adequate. Think of translation and localization as complementary processes that work together to help clients communicate their message. From adapting marketing strategy to local trends to translating documentation, both localization and translation are essential. Translation covers linguistic aspects while localization also includes cultural, visual, and technical solutions making content fully functional in different languages, to ensure brand experiences resonate with global audiences. Overall, if something relates to work on the text it is still largely considered as translation. If something relates to the context and cultural specifics, this is usually considered to be localization.

What’s Important?

Localization is more specialized and complex than regular translation. Although translation is important in a global marketing strategy, sometimes you need more than translated content. In a nutshell you need to localize everything for local, foreign markets. For example, a website must appeal to the different audiences with content adhering to grammar and syntax rules of each target language of that location. Content localization focuses on every detail necessary for breaking cultural barriers and improving the website’s usability in different geographical locations. To begin with though a great translation is an essential element of your localization strategy. Then it requires a team of linguists, local marketers, and consultants to work together to ensure the content is culturally adapted for the target audience. Proper localization eliminates local predispositions by considering the beliefs, religion, dialects, idioms, and other cultural practices when generating content. It gives clients a way to speak to new markets, focusing on words, colors, cultural symbols, and anything else that makes brands fit in with the new customer base. Localization is about modifying the experience to what resonates best with target markets. From product descriptions and editorial content to brand messaging and images, localization is a multifaceted process as you’ll be adapting different content elements.

What are Some Examples for Localization?

Symbolic meanings of visuals such as images, videos, colors, emojis, icons, shapes, sizes, and graphics can mean different things depending on the audience. It is essential to do thorough research and ensure what you use are in sync with your message. Certain things can be loaded with cultural meanings that don’t necessarily translate well to other cultures. Some are highly culturally significant in one country while some are completely meaningless in another. Cultural specificities dictate what translates well and what does not. Anything sensitive to politics or religion should be avoided when localizing for certain countries.

Numeric differences such as currency, units of measurement, date, time, phone numbers, and contact information. When selling products or services, it is essential to state the prices in the local currencies. Consumers don’t want to deal with converting currencies to determine the exact price of an item. Foreign currencies could turn consumers away. Some regions use imperial units as the standard for length measurement while others use the metric system. Make sure to convert measurement units into local units for easy understanding. The same goes for date formats. Certain countries use MM/DD/YYYY while other countries use DD/MM/YYYY.

Language specifics such as dialects, idioms, slang, colloquialisms, and tone. Dialects, idioms, and slang can carry various meanings and concepts they describe. They can reveal the speaker’s social background, age, and personality. Simply using dictionary equivalents can sound unnatural and fail to deliver the message as intended. Linguists need to carefully research the local equivalents of such words and expressions to make sure the correct message is communicated. A slogan is a great example of how localization can go beyond translation. A slogan that works in the western market might sound odd in the eastern market. It could create confusion, offence, or become completely meaningless wasting valuable resources. Slogans are heavily culturally influenced with wordplay, puns, or other linguistic specificities that don’t translate well. These need to be translated by experienced linguists who can provide the cultural nuance using localized equivalents.

Text length and direction are examples to be taken into consideration. In certain translations, the length from the source language to target language can become twice as long. If there is limitation of space, different wording must be used creatively to communicate the same message while not compromising the original design of website or document. This goes the same with languages which read from right to left. Localization involves technical aspects of this issue. For example, if the approach is to cram text into every space of the UI, you will end up with a design that is not elegant. Internationalizing libraries, fonts, and tools that support languages should be considered when designing the UI. Customized layouts include the placement of the menus by adopting flexibility which accommodates different spacing, text size requirements, and direction as some languages require more space to express a similar concept. Linguists usually takes this into consideration if they are informed, but they are limited to what they can do. This becomes a job of the DTP department, web designers, and software developers working in coordination to find the right balance between design and communication of the message that clients want to convey.

Cultural preferences and differences such as etiquette, humor, myths, superstition, rituals, symbols, societal codes, societal values, history, and beliefs. There are many examples which can be derived from cultural preferences and differences. Many expressions accepted in a cultural could be taboo in others. Each message that is selected should be relevant and respectful to the local cultures. A joke maybe funny in the US but go over the heads of the Japanese. A symbol may have a negative meaning creating unintentional consequences. A myth or superstition may shy away consumers making them feel uncomfortable. If you are not aware of history consumers may take offence for inaccuracies causing controversy. Testimonials and product reviews from the local market is a great way to find out if your message is adequate but it is too late when your translation becomes a gif or a meme. Linguists should be aware making the responsible choices to communicate the client’s message properly in a culturally appropriate manner.

Legal requirements such as agreements and contracts. Doing business in foreign countries requires compliance with the local regulations and requirements. Contracts and agreements must comply with the set rules to avoid litigation leading to costly lawyer fees and even banning of your products and services. Requirements differ from country to country which you need to consider during localization. For example, different laws and regulations exist in different countries regarding terms and conditions, privacy policies, and cookies. Linguists need to be able to adapt while localizing. A common matter is compliance with GDPR in Europe. In the EU the General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) requires companies to get explicit consent from users before collecting, using, or sharing their personal data. This means that if you’re planning to expand your business to the EU, you need to make sure your product or service complies with GDPR. For example, Yahoo! JAPAN had cancelled their services in the EU due to not being able to comply with GDPR. Companies who have fail to deliver adequate localization strategies suffer the consequences.

Why You Need Both Translation and Localization

Translation is the pillar of localization; both are crucial in fostering quality customer experiences in different regions. Brands adapt their content to meet the different language, cultural and functional expectations of the various foreign markets. Customized client experience is the primary difference between translation and localization. Your global success relies on your ability to authentically reach a wider audience of multilingual consumers. If your company is expanding into new markets, it’s mission-critical to have your content available for potential new customers’ preferred languages. Translation will undoubtedly generate interest among consumers but to create genuine connections that lead to sales, you’ll need localization. If you successfully localize your content, it’s the best way to connect with international audiences and meet their expectations. Consumer expectations vary by industry and region, but modifying the content to conform to the target market’s habits and preference with help you compete in today’s international economy in an effective way.

Language and regionalism allow content to speak closely to the target audience. For example, suppose certain phrases or concepts are specific to the country or region in which you’re looking to do business. In that case, it’s important to show customers you understand who they are and why they should engage in your business. Ease of navigation means users can immediately find the content in their language and begin interacting seamlessly. Cultural elements enhance the user experience and create a feeling of closeness with the target audience. Transactional elements include functional content that customers rely on. To figure out the best fit, clients must consider their audience and the content's nature and intent. Various parameters such as volume, update cadence, lifespan, and budget should be taken into consideration when planning your localization project.

At idioma® we advise clients on what requires translation and localization, while also employing a wide range of services and technologies to ensure that content is fully operational, understandable, comforting, and relatable in multiple languages.

Need a translation or localization estimate? Please contact us at info@idioma.com